This exploratory/descriptive study utilized both quantitative and qualitative methods to examine the relations between and among women's casino gambling, parenting in the home environment, parenting self-efficacy beliefs, social supports, and child behavior problems in a sample of 150 Native American mothers with a child between 6 and 15 years of age. Respondents were recruited from a tribally administered casino on a Great Lakes Indian Reservation. Specific aims were to: 1) determine the extent to which the casino gambling behaviors of Native American mothers were related to behavioral outcomes for their children; 2) explore the conditions under which Native American mothers' parenting practices and access to social support moderate potential negative effects of casino gambling on their children; and 3) explore Native American mothers' perceptions of the effects of casino gambling on the reservation, as well as on their own families. The following hypotheses were tested: 1) higher scores on measures of gambling prevalence, frequency, and duration among Native American mothers will be associated with more behavior problems in their children; 2) greater access to emotional and instrumental support, higher parenting self-efficacy, and more adequate parenting in the home environment among Native American mothers will be associated with fewer behavior problems in their children; and 3) greater access to social support, higher parenting self-efficacy, and more adequate parenting in the home environment among Native American mothers will moderate the relationship between maternal gambling and child behavior problems. Quantitative data indicated that higher scores on the gambling measures were associated with more child behavior problems. Additionally, mothers with higher scores on the measures of involved, supportive parenting and parenting self-efficacy had children with fewer behavior problems. Unexpectedly, mothers' greater access to social support was not associated with child behavior problems. Also, access to social support, parenting self-efficacy, and parenting in the home environment did not moderate the relationship between maternal gambling and child behavior problems. Qualitative results included the following themes: 1) mothers' concerns regarding spending money and time at the casino, and guilt and remorse over how these affect their children and families; 2) mothers' reports of the positive economic benefits of the jobs and educational opportunities now available to them; 3) mothers' concerns that while there are increased opportunities to socialize and reduce their stress while gambling, that there is no culturally appropriate gambling treatment program on the reservation. This mixed methods approach elicited results that maximize our ability to understand the context of Native American mothers' gambling behaviors. Findings from this study will be used to inform culturally appropriate policies and programs that target Native American families on reservations at greatest risk for poor outcomes resulting from gambling, and target interventions that address their needs more effectively. Additionally, the results will contribute towards a much needed nationwide data base of gambling on reservations. This Investigator intends to use these data to focus on the development of a larger gambling study. This research was funded by NIMH Grant # 1 R36 MH-71136-01A1.