Doubly Disconnected: Family Income Trajectories Surrounding Child Welfare Removal
During public discussion of reforms to the American public cash assistance systems in the 1990s, scholars and activists raised concerns about the impact of welfare reform on a particularly vulnerable sector of the population, families who find themselves involved in the child welfare system. Two decades after the early stages of welfare reform, about one in five low-educated single mothers is economically disconnected, neither earning income nor receiving public cash assistance. Previous cross-sectional research[1]identified one-quarter of families with children in an out-of-home child welfare placement as currently economically disconnected. Parents in economically disconnected households present unique challenges to state systems in that they report higher levels of unmet needs and lower levels of investment in working with child welfare services than other child welfare involved families, jeopardizing their ability to safely reunify with their children.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Understanding how families come to lose employment or benefits and have children removed requires new knowledge about the interactions between employment, social insurance, public cash assistance and child welfare systems over time. What happens to their financial supports when families become involved in the child welfare system? Are the public systems working in concert or at odds? Does the means-tested safety net support or undercut stability for child welfare families? This paper provides evidence relevant to these questions through examining employment patterns and the use of major means-tested support programs among families who become involved with the child welfare system.
METHODS
Drawing on a unique merged administrative dataset from Washington State we track household employment and participation in cash and food assistance in 23,000 households for 18 months prior to and following a focal child’s first out-of-home child welfare placement in the years 2000-2010.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
About one in nine families is disconnected - receiving no benefits nor having any employment - for the full period prior to removal. Others follow more dynamic patterns, including one in seven families who lose employment in the months before removal, most of whom do not subsequently receive unemployment insurance or public assistance. Results show how public solutions – including the expansion of concurrent benefits policies that allow families to continue cash assistance while children are temporarily out of the home – could stabilize families.
[1] Maureen Marcenko, Jennifer Hook, Jennifer Romich and JoAnn Lee. 2012. Multiple Jeopardy: Poor, Economically Disconnected, and Child Welfare Involved. Child Maltreatment 17(3): 195 - 206