Tornado Shelter in a Red Bow: Giving and Receiving Disaster Aid in Rural Alabama

Background and Purpose: This paper presents findings from a mixed-methods study of a community impacted by a high-casualty tornado. The study sought to understand how cultural factors contribute to disaster impacts and shape the recovery process. This paper focuses on how culturally specific exchange practices shaped the disaster aid process and considers implications for the just distribution of resources. Disaster events produce novel, acute resource deficits—particularly among those for who are already chronically under-resourced. Social responses to these deficits (i.e., “disaster aid”) occur in culturally specific ways (Oliver-Smith, 1996). American disaster aid is characterized by relatively heavy reliance on charitable donations and volunteer labor—a significant portion of disaster aid occurs as voluntary, non-reciprocal transfers, or “gifts,” to those in need. This raises questions about who receives aid, how they are recognized as deserving, and what (if any) power they have in the aid distribution process. The environmental justice literature has examined how the politics of recognition shapes who is burdened with chronic environmental issues (Walker, 2009; Holifield, 2012). Here we extend that discussion to the acute context of a disaster relief. Methods: An interdisciplinary team including a geographer, an anthropologist and social work scholar, and an urban planner conducted a total of 220 hours of ethnographic fieldwork over multiple visits to a tornado-impacted community in rural Alabama. The fieldsite was selected using statistical modeling that identified this community as having unusually high casualty rates. Fieldwork included interviews in both individual and group settings (N=31), tours of impacted areas with diverse community members, and participant observation at key community events such as a survivors’ support group, a training of volunteer firefighters, and church services. Fieldnotes and transcripts were coded in multiple passes to identify and draw relationships between themes. Results: Consistent with broader patterns in the US, disaster aid was broadly enacted by service providers, church leaders, and impacted residents as a process of charitable, non-reciprocal giving. While some community members considered this mode of exchange to be consistent with local values, many also expressed reluctance to be recipients of such aid “gifts.” This tension became particularly salient during the filming of a Hallmark documentary about the disaster that explicitly performed disaster aid as a ritual of Christmas gift-giving. Within such ritual structures, community members had to present themselves as particular kinds of recipients—for example, as eager children overawed by the generosity of donors. Some resisted by seeking to enact aid as a community-driven process, but exchange of resources between community members often took on similar structures and meanings of “gift-giving.” These performances of disaster aid obscured how the social impacts of the tornado were shaped by—and tended to perpetuate—existing, chronic inequities. Implications: Enacting disaster aid as gift-giving may draw attention away from crucial inequities in the recovery process. Environmental justice scholarship has drawn attention to similar concerns in other human-environment relations. This study shows how this intervention can be extended to disaster aid and makes recommendations for disaster management policy and practice.