Invisible Wounds: Exploring the Coping Strategies of Black Survivors of Homicide Victims in Canada

Background and Purpose: Canada has experienced a steady increase in homicide. Specifically, out of the 10 provinces and 3 territories, Ontario has consistently experienced the highest number of homicides, the majority concentrated within predominantly African, Caribbean, and Black (ACB) communities in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). Despite this disproportionate reality, there is limited research on the ways in which survivors of homicide victims cope with the murder of their loved ones. This article explores the identification and characterization of coping strategies for ACB survivors of homicide victims residing in five neighbourhoods in the GTA. Recognizing the disproportionate impact of homicide on these communities, the research addresses a critical gap in understanding culturally informed coping mechanisms.

Methods: The study employed qualitative methods with a focus on community-engaged research, analyzing data from 11 focus groups involving 26 ACB survivors from five GTA neighborhoods known for high rates of homicide. Of the participants (77%) reported experiencing the murder of three or more loved ones, whereas 11% indicated that they had experienced the murder of one loved one. The study's data analysis combined inductive and deductive methods within a hybrid thematic framework.

Results: Thematic analysis revealed diverse coping strategies among participants, including spiritual coping, meaning-making, concealment and maintaining connections with deceased loved ones. Significant challenges included difficulties in accessing culturally appropriate mental health services and support systems, compounded by systemic barriers and stigmatization. Participants highlighted the importance of community and familial support networks in their coping processes.

Conclusion and Implications: The findings highlight the importance for culturally responsive interventions tailored to the specific needs of ACB communities affected by homicide. The study informs the broader dialogue on developing community and mental health responses to support ACB survivors of homicide victims in managing their grief and trauma. In response, a Neighbourhood Ambassadors Program (NAP) at The Centre for Research & Innovation for Black Survivors of Homicide Victims (CRIB) has been developed as a practical response to this research. The NAP consists of participants from the Invisible Wounds project with lived experience who are trained to conduct research, develop programs, and formulate policies in response to the needs of ACB survivors of homicide victims. The NAP is an example of how responding to findings in collaboration with communities disproportionately impacted by homicide can strengthen the social impact of research.