Experiences of Loneliness, Isolation, and Service Use Among LGBTQ+ Older Adults

Background and Purpose:

We know the population of older adults is growing more rapidly than other segments. This global trend raises important issues for social workers as we consider ways to create successful, positive, and meaningful aging experiences. We must not only find ways to assist this fast-growing population but understand how minority populations may face additional hurdles.

The stereotype of older LGBT people as lonely, depressed, and unattached to significant relationships has largely been dismantled by research. Yet, we know that social isolation and loneliness are increasingly common experiences in the US, especially when compounded by health and economic disparities. The lasting effects of these experiences have significant implications for our health and longevity.

Methods:

This qualitative study examines multiple areas of research which are understudied. LGBTQ+ populations are often ignored in the aging literature, despite growing numbers of older sexual minorities. Additionally, LGBTQ+ older adults experiences with loneliness, social isolation, and connections to their community are rarely discussed in the literature.

A phenomenological approach was used in this project to better understand LGBTQ+ older adults’ experiences of loneliness and isolation, as well as where and how they are connecting to community and social services. The aim was to inform strategies rooted in community strengths.

Participants in this study were located through partnerships with service providers in a local aging network in one Mid-western US city, through LGBTQ+ member groups, and from recommendations of community members. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were completed with twelve LGBTQ+ older adults and three service providers supporting LGBTQ+ populations. 58% of older adult participants were between 65-69. 16% were trans and 16% were gender non-conforming. 41% were Black / African American. 92% were gay or lesbian and 8% were bisexual. 83% had varying college degrees. 41% were married or living with a significant other.

Interviews were transcribed verbatim. Data were analyzed using immersion, including coding and categorizing the data through a team-based flexible coding method in NVivo 1.7.1. Final codes were decided through discussion and reanalyzing the data until agreement was reached. Rigor and trustworthiness were enhanced through bracketing, peer debriefing, member checking, and audit trails. From these sessions, five themes emerged.

Results:

Theme include 1) Experiences of loneliness are not necessarily resolved by having a partner, 2) Coming out later in life was associated with smaller, less satisfying networks of support, 3) Health challenges acted as both a source of positive and negative impact, 4) Limited access to inclusive spaces of gathering, beyond bars, as well as the evolving queer community were identified barriers to social connection, and 5) Intergenerational relationships were referenced as supportive and protective factors.

Conclusion and Implications:

Overall, this research illuminates some of the challenges for LGBTQ+ older adults. Social workers must recognize the experiences of LGBTQ+ elders in aging may differ from other adults because of societal and familial barriers. Despite more recent changes in societal attitudes toward LGBTQ+ individuals, many struggle to connect with their communities. Theoretical and practical implications from the study will be discussed.