Children's Experiences in a Digital Environment

The ongoing transformation toward the 4^th Industrial Revolution and a knowledge-based society profoundly impacts individuals of all ages. Among them, children emerge as key players in a future where advanced digital environments dominate. Digital literacy among children is increasingly recognized as essential for adapting to evolving digital landscapes and preparing for the future. However, efforts to ensure children's safety and rights in digital environments lag behind the rapid pace of change.

This study delves into the experiences of 1st-grade middle school students in Korea through Focus Group Interview (FGI). The study, conducted in 2023, recruited participants from different regions and genders to investigate potential variations in digital device usage. Logistical challenges led to recruiting 3-6 children in each of the six groups, totaling 28 participants. Interviews were conducted in a guided conversation format, allowing for flexibility while maintaining a structured framework. The aim was to explore various aspects of their digital experiences, including 1) smartphone ownership, 2) digital device usage patterns, 3) experience with digital device use, 4) the impact of COVID-19 on digital device usage, and 5) the social regulation necessity for safe digital use. Thematic analysis was employed to derive meaning from the collected data, enabling a rich description of the data through the identification of 6 key and 18 sub-themes.

Data analysis revealed a pervasive challenge: children's early and extensive exposure to digital devices. While these devices serve various purposes from leisure to education, conflicts arise, particularly regarding screen time management. Parental supervision varies, and conflicts between children and parents often revolve around digital device usage. Additionally, conflicts extend to social interactions, highlighting the need for digital literacy training. Despite efforts to ensure safe usage, children remain vulnerable to harm, with instances of online aggression and sexual harassment reported. The COVID-19 pandemic further intensified digital device usage, necessitating a balance between online and offline activities for healthier lifestyles. Discussions among children underscored the urgency for social regulations to curb harmful content dissemination and enforce penalties for online misconduct.

To address these challenges, the study emphasizes the importance of establishing social norms and guidelines for smartphone ownership and screen time limits. Regulation strengthening is necessary to cleanse the harmful online environment. Digital Literacy training plays a crucial role, not only in imparting knowledge regarding digital safety but also in fostering skills to navigate the digital landscape effectively. Tailored training is proposed to empower children to utilize digital tools responsibly.

In conclusion, this study sheds light on the complexities of children's digital experiences and advocates for comprehensive strategies to ensure their well-being in an increasingly digital world. By incorporating children's perspectives and focusing on training and social safeguard, we aim to cultivate a generation capable of thriving in the digital age.