Does the Community Offer Sufficient Services to Meet the Needs of Chinese Empty-Nest Older Adults?

Background and Purpose

China is experiencing rapid population aging, with a rising number of “empty-nest” older adults—those aged 60 and above living without their children. This shift presents challenges to their psychological and physical well-being, especially without familial support. As older adults face functional decline, reliance on community services becomes critical for aging in place. Community services—such as healthcare access, daily living assistance, and social activities—play a vital role, yet it remains unclear whether current services in mainland China sufficiently meet the needs of empty-nest older adults.

Guided by Person–Environment Fit Theory, which suggests well-being is highest when personal needs align with environmental resources, this study explores whether existing services support older adults effectively. A mismatch between personal needs and environmental support may lead to stress and decreased well-being. The study addresses four questions:

• What services do empty-nest older adults find most essential?
• What are their preferences regarding service access and delivery?
• Which services are used most frequently?
• How satisfied are they with existing services?

Methods

A descriptive qualitative design was used. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 36 community-dwelling empty-nest older adults in Zhuzhou City, Hunan Province—a region facing accelerated aging and youth out-migration. Questions focused on service use, unmet needs, accessibility, and barriers to utilization.

Results

Three main themes emerged: (1)High demand for practical and health support: Participants highlighted the importance of meal delivery, housekeeping, medical visits, chronic disease management, and health education. Social services, such as companionship and group activities, were also highly valued. (2)Gaps between availability and accessibility: While some services existed, many faced difficulties accessing them due to mobility issues, lack of information, financial barriers, or complicated application processes. Some services also lacked relevance to their actual needs. (3)Environmental and personal barriers: Structural issues (e.g., lack of elevators, unsafe paths), limited transportation, and feelings of exclusion from community planning hindered service use. Personal barriers included pride, fear of judgment, and low confidence in seeking help.

Conclusions and Implications

Neighborhood services are essential for supporting the psychological well-being of empty-nest older adults. Although services for daily living, healthcare, and social participation are valued, significant barriers remain. This study underscores the need for accessible, age-friendly, and person-centered services tailored to older adults’ needs. Improving infrastructure, simplifying service procedures, and offering home-based care could enhance service access. Efforts are also needed to reduce psychological barriers and increase awareness. Policymakers should promote service systems that align with older adults’ lived experiences to improve person–environment fit. Future research should explore how service use interacts with social relationships to influence well-being.