Breaking the Cycle: Understanding Childhood Trauma and Advancing Restorative Justice for a Compassionate Criminal Justice System

Background and Purpose:
Emerging adult men (ages 18–25) in the criminal legal system are disproportionately impacted by early-life trauma, yet justice policies rarely account for the role of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) in shaping violent behavior. Traditional punitive approaches often overlook how unaddressed trauma can manifest as aggression, poor emotional regulation, or violent conduct. This study investigates the relationship between ACE exposure, adverse mental health symptoms, and violent offending among incarcerated young men. It also explores the potential of restorative justice (RJ) as a trauma-informed alternative to incarceration that promotes healing, accountability, and reduced recidivism. Grounded in General Strain Theory, this research challenges carceral responses to violence and seeks to inform policy shifts toward more compassionate, evidence-based practices.

Methods:
This mixed-methods study includes two components. First, quantitative data were collected from a sample of 350 men incarcerated in Massachusetts for violent offenses committed between the ages of 18 and 25. Participants completed structured surveys assessing ACE exposure, trauma history, depression and anxiety symptoms, and self-reported violent behavior. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to examine associations among ACEs, mental health outcomes, and patterns of violence. Second, qualitative data were gathered through focus groups with a subset of participants who had completed restorative justice programming during incarceration. Focus group discussions explored their experiences with RJ, perceptions of trauma, and views on accountability and healing. The study was conducted in collaboration with the Massachusetts Department of Corrections, Explanations from Exile, LLC, and the Delaney Policy Group, ensuring integration across research, policy, and lived experience.

Results:
Preliminary findings indicate a strong correlation between high ACE scores and both adverse mental health outcomes and violent offending. Participants commonly reported childhood exposure to neglect, community violence, and family incarceration. Those who engaged in restorative justice programming described it as a rare but powerful opportunity to process trauma, develop empathy, and take meaningful responsibility for harm caused. Focus group participants emphasized the need for earlier intervention, emotional literacy education, and trauma-informed support both before and during incarceration. Additionally, there was strong support for mandated pretrial mental health assessments to identify untreated trauma and better inform sentencing or diversion options.

Conclusions and Implications:
This study highlights the urgent need for trauma-informed justice reforms that recognize the connection between early-life adversity and violent behavior among emerging adults. Findings support the expansion of restorative justice programs within correctional settings and advocate for mandated pretrial ACE and mental health screenings. These strategies represent actionable alternatives to incarceration that promote accountability while addressing the root causes of violence. By integrating trauma awareness into criminal justice policy and practice, systems can enhance community safety, reduce recidivism, and support healthier reentry pathways for justice-involved individuals. This research contributes to a growing movement within social work and allied disciplines to reimagine justice through the lens of healing and prevention.